Autor Cointelegraph By Jagjit Singh

What are wash trading and money laundering in NFTs?

NFT wash trading is a problem for investors, the global community, collectors and traders because these participants use less liquid nonfungible tokens to manipulate the price of an asset. Due diligence has become more difficult as investors have been forced to rely on measurable statistics, making wrong investment decisions. To encourage NFT investments and prevent NFT scams, discrepancies in the data must be investigated by specialists. Additionally, NFT crimes hit the NFT community the hardest. Regulators and proponents of mainstream financial services can now use wash trading to combat decentralization. Collectors and traders, likewise, are unable to make an informed judgment. When deceptive facts and history mislead people regarding a piece of art or collectible, it is simple for them to make rash decisions. So, with the NFT markets being impacted by wash trading, is there any way to spot it in the first place? There is no price or volume history associated with new coins when they are introduced to the market. As a result, developers or other insiders may participate in wash trading to deceive participants about the coin’s true worth. Therefore, avoid investing in those kinds of projects. Moreover, many NFTs have no trading volume or investor interest. As a result, NFT owners can readily participate in wash trading to entice naïve purchasers to buy the NFT at an exorbitant price. Therefore, avoiding newly-issued small-cap cryptos and NFTs is the most significant way to prevent wash trading. A trader must choose more established cryptocurrencies with a higher volume to avoid becoming a victim of wash trading. The broader the market, the more money scammers will need to manipulate it. For instance, already established cryptos like Bitcoin (BTC) or Ethereum, which are worth hundreds of billions of dollars, make crimes like wash trading incredibly challenging.

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How Chainalysis helps in crypto monitoring and blockchain analysis?

Chainalysis has five different types of products that help in monitoring crypto assets. These are Chainalysis Business Data, Chainalysis KYT, Chainalysis Kryptos, Chainalysis Market Intel and Chainalysis Reactor. Chainalysis Business Data Chainalysis Business Data gives crypto companies an extra layer of customer intelligence, allowing them to understand their customers before and after leaving their platforms, customize product offerings and enhance customer experience. Furthermore, it allows companies to find the most avenues impacting the business and making data-driven decisions. Data is updated on a regular basis to ensure that relevant adjustments are made in response to the changing ecosystem.  A simple data warehouse integration allows you to augment current information to gain deeper insights or execute queries to build custom Chainalysis reports. Chainalysis KYT Chainalysis KYT, or Know Your Transaction, enterprises reduce manual operations, adhere to local and international norms and safely interact with decentralized exchanges (DEXs) merchant services and nonfungible tokens (NFTs) platforms. For all crypto holdings, Chainalysis KYT undertakes continuous transaction monitoring which can be used to detect high-risk activity patterns. Moreover, deposits from hackers can be frozen while Ethereum accounts and all the addresses controlled by an entity can be screened for all criminal activities.  In addition, you can set up real-time notifications based on your company’s AML rules to assist money laundering officers with crypto compliance. Chainalysis Kryptos The industry’s most trusted blockchain data is utilized to offer crypto organizations in-depth on-chain metrics by Chainalysis Kryptos. This tool can evaluate the behavior of over 6500 services like Kraken.com or Gemini.com, allowing you to make informed judgments regarding the cryptocurrency firms you interact with. The risk exposure of crypto services providers to darknets and sanctioned jurisdictions can be assessed using the Chainalysis Kryptos crypto monitoring tool.  Chainalysis Market Intel Chainalysis Market Intel takes advantage of the blockchain’s transparency to give real-time data and unique insights for cryptocurrency investing and research decisions. Chainalysis’s proprietary dataset, which it has been steadily creating since 2014 by tracking the crypto activity of hundreds of firms and linking it to real-world entities, is the foundation of Market Intel measurements. With this tool, every labeled entity has auditable proof, giving you a comprehensive perspective of the whole crypto environment. Chainalysis Reactor Reactor is research software that links cryptocurrency transactions to real-world entities. Chainalysis Reactor examines criminal and legal behavior such as the flow of stolen funds, NFT transactions and flash loans. So, how do you analyze blockchain using Chainalysis? Reactor searches using identifiers to determine who maintains the wallet by entering a crypto address and automatically scanning it through thousands of social media forums and darknet sites.  When the entity makes a new transaction, Chainalysis sends a signal which allows you to visualize cryptocurrencies through an intuitive interface and search and monitor them. Additionally, investigators can utilize automated pathfinding to start an investigation, share graphs directly, download raw data for a complete record of their findings or set a “watch” to monitor future transactions.

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The biggest crypto heists of all time

The biggest crypto heists to date are MT Gox, Bitgrail, Coincheck, KuCoin, PancakeBunny, Poly Network, Cream Finance, BadgerDAO, Vulcan Forged and Bitmart. MT Gox MT Gox was the first large-scale exchange hack, and it remains the most significant Bitcoin (BTC) heist from an exchange. The MT Gox robbery, on the other hand, was not a one-off occurrence. Rather, the site leaked cash from 2011 to February 2014. Hackers stole 100,000 BTC from the exchange and 750,000 BTC from its consumers over a few years. These Bitcoin burglaries were valued at $470 million at the time, but they’re now worth approximately ten times this amount. Shortly after the theft, MT Gox went into liquidation, with liquidators recovering roughly 200,000 of the stolen BTC. Bitgrail Bitgrail was a small Italian exchange that traded in obscure cryptos like Nano (XNO). The exchange was hacked in February 2018, just as the price of XNO soared from a few cents to $33. At least 17 million coins (the equivalent of about $150 million) were taken from Nano wallets. Many users began to express their dissatisfaction with the exchange before the attack (significantly lower withdrawal limits and transaction problems). According to the investigations, the coins were stolen from cold—not hot— wallets. Investigations persisted throughout the preceding three years, with Italian authorities now charging Bitgrail’s owner of being behind the attacks. Coincheck Coincheck, based in Japan, had $530 million worth of NEM (XEM) tokens stolen in January 2018. Hackers took advantage of the fact that the currency was kept in a “hot” wallet, which meant it was connected to the server and thus “online” (a cold wallet sees funds stored offline). The stolen coins were identified and marked as such by NEM developers, although there was conjecture that the monies were available on dark markets. However, given how much the coins lost in value following the attack, it’s unlikely that many people would have thought this was a good deal (the coins are now worth 83% less than they were—roughly $90 million). KuCoin KuCoin announced in September 2020 that hackers had obtained private keys to their hot wallets before withdrawing substantial quantities of Ethereum (ETH), BTC, Litecoin (LTC), Ripple (XRP), Stellar Lumens (XLM), Tron (TRX) and Tether (USDT). Since then, experts have claimed that they have reasonable cause to assume that crypto heist hackers are North Korean. PancakeBunny This flash loan attack, in which hackers were able to siphon $200 million from the platform, occurred in May 2021 and is among the more severe cases of cryptocurrency theft. The hacker loaned a big sum of Binance Coin (BNB) before manipulating its price and selling it on PancakeBunny’s BUNNY/BNB market to carry out the attack. This allowed the hacker to obtain a large number of BUNNY via a flash loan, dump all of the BUNNY on the market to lower the price, and then repay the BNB using PancakeSwap. Poly Network In August 2021, a hacker exploited a vulnerability in Poly Network’s infrastructure and stole funds totaling more than $600 million. They didn’t get away with their reward, though, in an odd twist. Instead, the hacker approached the platform and agreed to return the majority of the funds, except $33 million in Tether (USDT) that had been frozen by the issuers. But the saga didn’t end there: $200 million of the stolen assets were locked away in an account that required the hacker’s password, according to Poly Network. The hacker initially refused to hand over the hacked crypto. That is, until Poly Network pleaded with them to release it, gave them a $500,000 reward for discovering the system flaw, and even offered them a job! Poly Network later revealed that the private key had been handed to them by “Mr. White Hat.” Cream Finance Not only did hackers steal $130 million in the October 2021 incident related to robbing a cryptocurrency, but it was also Cream Finance’s third attack of the year. Hackers took $37 million in February 2021 and $19 million in August 2021. In the most recent attack, hackers used what was deemed a flaw in the DeFi platform’s flash lending system. On the Ethereum network, they were able to take all of Cream Finance’s tokens and assets, totaling $130 million. BadgerDAO A hacker succeeded in stealing assets from multiple cryptocurrency wallets on the DeFi network, BadgerDAO, in December 2021. The problem is thought to have started on November 10 when a malicious script was injected into the website’s user interface. Users’ transactions may have been intercepted while the script was active. The attacker took 896 BTC valued at roughly $50 million at that time. Vulcan Forged In December 2021, hackers stole $135 million from Vulcan Forged, a blockchain gaming startup. They stole private keys to 96 separate wallets before draining 4.5 million PYR tokens from them. Bitmart In December 2021, a hack of Bitmart’s hot wallet resulted in the theft of about $200 million. At first, it was thought that $100 million had been stolen via the Ethereum blockchain, but additional research found that another $96 million had been stolen via the Binance Smart Chain blockchain. Over 20 tokens were taken, including altcoins such as BSC-USD, Binance Coin (BNB), BNBBPay (BPay), and Safemoon, as well as substantial quantities of Moonshot (MOONSHOT), Floki Inu (FLOKI) and BabyDoge (BabyDoge).

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Buyback-and-burn: What does it mean in crypto?

Miners can burn virtual currency tokens using the proof-of-burn (PoB) consensus mechanism. Proof-of-burn is one of several consensus mechanisms blockchain networks use to verify that all participating nodes agree on the blockchain network’s genuine and legitimate state. A consensus mechanism is a collection of protocols that use several validators to agree on the validity of a transaction. PoB is a proof-of-work mechanism that does not waste energy. Instead, it works on the idea of allowing miners to burn tokens of virtual currency. The right to write blocks (mine) is then awarded in proportion to the coins burned. Miners transmit the coins to a burner address to destroy them. This procedure uses few resources (aside from the energy necessary to mine the coins before burning them) and keeps the network active and flexible.  Depending on the implementation, you may burn the native currency or that of an alternate chain, such as BTC. In exchange, you’ll get a payout in the blockchain’s native currency token. However, PoB will reduce the number of miners, just as it will reduce the token supply because there will be fewer resources and less competition. This leads to the obvious problem of centralization since large miners are granted too much capacity, allowing them to burn massive amounts of tokens at once, drastically impacting price and supply. To get around this problem, a decay rate is frequently utilized, which effectively decreases individual miners’ total capacity to validate transactions. PoB is similar to PoS in that both need miners to lock up their assets to mine. Unlike PoB, stakers can get their coins back after they quit mining with PoS. In cryptocurrency, the buyback works the same way, by purchasing tokens from the community and putting them in the developers’ wallets. As a result, unlike coin burning, which permanently destroys the tokens circulating in the market, the buyback does not permanently eliminate their tokens.

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The life cycle of smart contracts in the blockchain ecosystem

The formation of a smart contract, freezing of the smart contract, execution of the smart contract and finalization of the smart contract are the four significant steps of a smart contract’s life cycle. It is different from the blockchain development life cycle, which begins with defining the issue you want to resolve with your blockchain product and ends with a minimum viable product. Create Iterative contract negotiation and an implementation phase make up the creation phase. First, the parties must agree on the contract’s overall content and goals. This is similar to traditional contract negotiations and can be done online or offline. On the underlying ledger platform, all participants must have a wallet. Its identifier is pseudonymous in most circumstances, and it is used to identify the parties and transfer payments. The contract must be converted into code after the objectives and content have been agreed upon. The expressiveness of the underlying smart contract coding language limits the contract’s codification. Most smart contract systems provide the infrastructure to build, maintain and test smart contracts to validate their execution behavior and content. The transition of requirements into code, as seen in traditional programming languages, necessitates multiple iterations between stakeholders and programmers. Smart contracts will be no different, and several iterations between the negotiation and implementation phases are likely. During the publication phase, after the parties have agreed on the codified form of the contract, it is uploaded to the distributed ledger. During this phase, nodes in the distributed ledger receive the contract as part of a transaction block. The contract is available for execution once most nodes have confirmed the block. Because decentralized smart contracts cannot be amended once the blockchain has accepted them, any changes to the smart contract will necessitate the development of a new one. Although a smart contract is placed on the blockchain, this fact alone should not be interpreted as a party’s agreement to enter the contract, as anyone can submit a smart contract to the blockchain, implying an obligation for any random wallet owner. Similarly, decentralized smart contracts can benefit any blockchain participant, whether or not they choose to receive the benefits in advance. Freeze Following its submission to the blockchain, the smart contract is confirmed by a majority of the participating nodes. A price must be paid to the miners in exchange for this service to keep the ecosystem from being flooded with smart contracts. The contract and its parties are now open to the public and available through the public ledger. During the freeze phase, any transfers to the smart contract’s wallet address are blocked, and the nodes operate as a governance board, verifying that the contract’s preconditions for execution are met. Execute Participating nodes read contracts that are stored on the distributed ledger. So, how is a smart contract executed? The contract’s integrity is verified, and the code is executed by the smart contract environment’s inference engine (compiler, interpreter). The smart contract’s functions are conducted when the inputs for the execution are received from the smart oracles and involved parties (commitment to goods through coins). The smart contract’s execution generates a new set of transactions and a new state for the smart contract. The set of findings and the new state information are entered into the distributed ledger and verified using the consensus mechanism. Finalize The resulting transactions and updated state information are put in the distributed ledger and confirmed using the consensus process after the smart contract has been performed. The previously committed digital assets are transferred (assets are unfrozen), and the contract is completed to confirm all transactions.

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