Autor Cointelegraph By Brian Newar

Australian Senator proposes landmark Digital Services Act

Australian Liberal Senator Andrew Bragg opened the Australia Blockchain Week conference with a bombshell legislative proposal that he hopes will lay the groundwork for a new Digital Asset ecosystem down under.The proposed Digital Services Act (DSA) legislative package calls for reforms in crypto market licensing, custody, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), debanking, and taxes. Senator Bragg said in his address at the conference that he expects the legislation in the Act to “protect (crypto) consumers against malicious operators.”Senator Bragg outlined the four main pillars that the DSA is guided by. He explained that the DSA would be technologically neutral, have broad and flexible principles, be regulated by a Minister rather than a bureaucratic agency, and use government resources and personnel. In his view, such guidance will help Australia show that the country is ready to take a greater role in the crypto industry. “This will show Australia is open for business and things are clear and clean.”The Senator also took on DAO’s, challenging various branches of the government to take them seriously. He went as far as calling them “an existential threat to the tax base” under current rules. According to data published by the Parliament of Australia, the company tax accounts for the second-largest source of revenue for the government behind income tax, however, DAOs are not taxed as companies. To that, Senator Bragg said that his country’s “reliance on company tax is unsustainable” if an increasing number of organizations become a DAO. As a result, the DSA would task the government with creating a framework for creating standards for DAOs without stifling their core principles.The standards would essentially ensure consumers have access to audit, assurance, and disclosure services from DAOs that help them distinguish between retail and wholesale organizations. Senator Bragg called for the Treasury to address those issues while also “leaving the field open for DAOs to continue to live up to their name.”Building on Australia’s crypto hub ambitions: address to @BlockchainAUS.https://t.co/j79BpbGJKI pic.twitter.com/8bf7Sqjut4— Senator Andrew Bragg (@ajamesbragg) March 20, 2022Head of corporate development at Australian crypto exchange Swyftx Michael Harris is in favor of the government instating higher standards for the domestic crypto industry. He told Cointelegraph today that exchanges have nothing to fear from higher standards because ”Most Australian exchanges already take their duty of care to customers very seriously.”Related: Aussie fintech to offer mainstream direct access to DeFi with a fixed rateHarris added that the land down under should be leading the developed world in crypto regulation because of its high rate of adoption. A survey from pollster Finder found that 22.9% of Australians owned crypto from October to December 2021. Harris continued to state that:“We see this as an important step forward. Australia has one of the largest crypto adoption rates in the developed world. It makes complete sense for us to lead on regulation.”One of the major concerns in the crypto market lately is its use by individuals and nations to circumvent global economic sanctions. There is currently a debate raging in the US Senate about whether the Russian government is able to keep its military operation in Ukraine funded with the help of cryptocurrency. Blockchain tracking firm Elliptic found on Mar. 15 that some sanctioned individuals are holding crypto, but Senator Bragg stated that the Aussie government was powerless under the current Digital Currency Exchange (DCE) laws to serve retribution on such offenders. The DCE’s lack of jurisdiction served as motivation for making the new proposals to prevent sanctioned individuals from taking advantage of lax crypto laws, adding:“The reality is we don’t live in a libertarian nirvana. We cannot have regulatory arbitrage.”

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Blockchain tracking sweetens the pay of Ghana's cocoa farmers

Cocoa product startup Koa launched a blockchain-based program this week that improves the transparency of its cocoa supply chain and ensures its Ghanaian farmers are being paid properly.The program is supported by partnerships with German supply chain company Seedtrace and South African telecoms company MTN Group. Koa said it hopes to “improve transparency and accountability” by ending what it calls “scandals and cocoa farmer poverty.”Corporations such as Oreo and Chips Ahoy producer Mondelez have been accused of paying farmers a rate below a living wage by the Conseil du Cafe-Cacao which regulates cocoa production in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Koa believes publicly documenting payment records on a blockchain can eliminate such practices.Seedtrace provides the platform for Koa’s supply chain infrastructure. The platform utilizes the Topl blockchain to record data about the production and distribution of cocoa. Farmers use the data to know where their products have gone and how they are being used, while consumers can easily track the origin of the ingredients in their food and to ensure the farmers were paid properl for their work.Koa managing director and co-founder Anian Schreiber told industry publication Candy Insider on Mar. 16 that: “We want to get rid of long, non-transparent supply chains.” He believes that promises of ethical business operations are not enough, that they should be easy for consumers to audit.“Instead of claiming good practices, we put our cards on the table to let the consumers witness each transaction to farmers.” Data about product movement and payments is collected and shared by MTN Group. The company inputs payment data onto Seedtrace’s platform, which confirms the location and amount paid for the products at each waypoint on the supply chain. This system also capitalizes on Ghana’s June 2021 push to reduce theft attacks on farmers by mandating they be paid digitally rather than in cash. Through MTN, the record of farmers’ digital payments is stored on the public blockchain.Ghana is the world’s second largest cocoa bean producer according to OEC World. The average Ghanian farmer earns about $6,183 per year according to the Average Salary Survey. Koa is not the only company to adopt blockchain for supply chain tracking recently. North American retail behemoth Walmart Canada has begun using distributed ledger technology (DLT) in its supply chain operations over the past year.Related: Project aims to take on SAP ERP with decentralized appsVia a collaborative effort between Walmart Canada and technical enterprise solutions firm DLT Labs, the DL Freight supply chain network was launched in March 2021. Harvard Business Review wrote in January that DL Freight utilizes a closed (private) blockchain to record shipping data, and has seen the rate of invoice disputes decrease to less than 1% from 70% before the network was launched.Walmart also uses computer giant IBM’s Hyperledger Fabric platform to track and trace food borne illnesses. According to Nasdaq, the system has “cut the time it takes to find specific data on food items from 7 days to just over 2 seconds.”

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Binance awarded Bahrain crypto service provider license

Crypto exchange Binance will provide fully regulated services to its first country in the Middle East thanks to a license granted by Bahrain’s central bank.Bahrain was able to issue the license through the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC). The world’s largest exchange and CEO Changpeng Zhao announced the crypto-asset service provider license on March 14. #TeamBahrain.#Binance has been granted the first license for a global crypto-asset provider in The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) by the Central Bank of Bahrain. pic.twitter.com/Ndnb4xhA5y— CZ Binance (@cz_binance) March 14, 2022Binance’s new license allows it to offer crypto services, including trading, custody, and portfolio management for customers in the Middle East’s smallest economy. Last December, Binance received an in-principal approval to operate in Bahrain. That approval has now become a full-fledged license.Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) governor HE Rasheed Al Maraj said that the bank was “developing regulations aligned with global trends” that “enable innovation and best practices.”The license allows Binance to continue its expansion efforts across global jurisdictions while complying with local regulations. Last week, CZ stated that he wanted Binance to “identify and invest in” traditional businesses in every economic sector worldwide with the express intent of tying them into cryptocurrency. Despite its relative size to other countries in the region, or possibly due to that, Bahrain has been one of the most crypto-friendly countries in the Middle East. The CBB successfully trialed JP Morgan’s crypto payment system Onyx in January. Cointelegraph reported on Jan. 10 that using crypto-based payment systems will help the CBB address what governor Al Maraj called “existing inefficiencies in the traditional cross-border payments industry.”Related: Binance gets the green light from Canada and BahrainLanding licenses to operate in each region will certainly help Binance achieve its goals in that respect. Its most recent notable acquisition was news media publisher Forbes last month for the princely sum of $200 million.The CBB’s move also arguably puts the country ahead of Dubai as the region’s crypto hub. Bahrain’s financial crypto regulations are certainly ahead of those in Dubai, which does not yet allow crypto exchanges to offer services to its residents. However, CEO of Bahrain-based crypto exchange CoinMENA, Talal Tabbaa, told CNN in February that although the central bank has more advanced crypto regulations now, “If banking was sorted, then Dubai could be the number one destination for crypto.”The banking issue in Dubai may be sorted this year as United Arab Emirates (UAE) Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum created a legal framework for crypto in Dubai. Cointelegraph reported that the Prime Minister said the framework would protect investors and design “much-warranted international standards” for crypto industry governance.

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Ethereum 'Merge' edging closer with final Kiln testnet launch

The much-anticipated ‘Merge’ on the Ethereum network is another step closer to becoming a reality after the final public testnet Kiln launched to put it through its paces.On March 14, the Ethereum Foundation urged network stakeholders to run tests using Kiln “to ensure a smooth transition on existing public testnets.”“We strongly recommend that developers run through a full testing & deployment cycle on Kiln and report any issues with tools or dependencies to those projects’ maintainers.”Ethereum developer Tim Beiko confirmed that Kiln has gone live and will soon be ready to merge with the Beacon Chain in a March 14 tweet. The testnet launched late last week in proof-of-work mode only.Kiln, the next iteration of Ethereum merge testnets, is now live Highly recommended that node operators, application developers, stakers, tooling/infra providers test their setups on the network. Blog post has all the info to get started https://t.co/TCHBZxcFlt— Tim Beiko | timbeiko.eth (@TimBeiko) March 14, 2022Kiln is now operating in a proof-of-work (PoW) testing environment for Ethereum developers, node operators, and stakers. It is the final public testnet before the whole network transitions to proof-of-stake (PoS) to PoW sometime this year. Kiln will fully test the merge, and it is expected sometime this week.Beiko told Cointelgraph today that launching Kiln “a week or so from launch to merge was definitely the intention.” He said Ethereum developers wanted to “give the community the opportunity to test their products through the merge.”Got the Kiln Testnet working perfectly, bring on the merge @superphiz @remy_roy thanks for the great tutorials. pic.twitter.com/jtOCaX2m8W— Ethereum CLWP EIP-4736 (@EthCLWP) March 14, 2022

Kiln was originally launched as a PoW testnet that mimicked the Ethereum network’s operational environment. It ran parallel to the Beacon Chain, the first major PoS component of Ethereum 2.0 (now called the consensus layer) where ETH holders can stake their coins and begin securing the future of the Ethereum network.Ethereum’s (ETH) mainnet transition from PoS to PoW will be a major milestone in the network’s evolution. This next phase of Ethereum will allow the blockchain’s security to rely on staked tokens rather than costly and power-hungry mining hardware. The network’s transition event from PoW to PoS will dock the Beacon Chain with the Ethereum mainnet. Related: European Parliament votes against PoW ban, providing huge relief to the crypto industryThe Merge could come as soon as this June according to an analysis from crypto financial newsletter Bankless. The 10 million ETH staked in the Beacon Chain is currently earning about 4.8% per year in yield for investors. After the Merge, that yield could grow to as high as 15% and network operational costs will be reduced to a fraction of its PoW predecessor reported Bankless.

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Environmental sustainability key sticking point in EU MiCA bill

The legal standing of Bitcoin mining in the European Union hinges on the results of today‘s vote in the European Parliamentary Committee on Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA).A controversial line concerning the “minimum environmental sustainability” of crypto mining has been reintroduced to the bill after previously being taken out. The new line would require blockchain operators to submit a rollout plan detailing how they will come into environmental sustainability compliance. Failure to submit a plan may prohibit coins from being mined or traded in the EU.Although it is not specifically stated, the bill would directly affect proof-of-work (PoW) chains. PoW is the consensus algorithm used by the Bitcoin network, Ethereum and several other crypto assets.Since Bitcoin (BTC) is decentralized, however, no rollout plan can be issued on its behalf. The absence of such a plan may threaten the existence of Bitcoin mining operations across the EU. The EU accounts for about 12-14% of the global hashing power on the Bitcoin network, with Germany and Ireland contributing the majority of that, according to last year’s data from Cambridge University and Statista. Concerns over energy consumption and carbon emissions of Bitcoin mining are now at the forefront of the debate over how the EU should regulate it. However, those concerns start to look out of place when faced with the raw data. According to a report by Frankfurt School last November, as of August 2021, the Bitcoin network annually required 90.86 Terrawatt hours (Tw/H) of energy. That is about 0.05% of total global consumption. The network is responsible for only around 0.08% of the total global carbon emissions, though these metrics are difficult to calculate accurately.French member of parliament Pierre Person warned that a prohibition on mining would drive talent and innovation out of the region. He said in a Saturday tweet that by banning Bitcoin and Ether (ETH), and “complicating the use of NFT and DeFi, the European Parliament is mortgaging our monetary and financial sovereignty.”Related: Consolidation and centralization: How Europe’s new AML regulation will affect cryptoIf the bill is passed as-is, Ethereum will not be involved for long. The network is expected to complete the Ethereum 2.0 “Merge” at some point this year into a proof-of-stake (PoS) network that will not require physical mining rigs to reach network consensus. There may be more serious ramifications for Bitcoin miners, however.

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